Copyright, intellectual property and innovation Essay

Copyright, protected innovation and advancement - Essay Example It tends to be hard for a designer to demonstrate another bit of programming is theirs, particularly when a deceitful contender begins asserting they made it, and guaranteeing immense measures of cash from the engineer. Property rights are a finished bad dream for the little organization or customary individual who basically needs to create programming for the wellbeing of its own and wishing to make a little benefit at the same time. Copyright is one zone of security that ought to be clear, yet it isn't. Licensing programming appears to be a smart thought, however this can be troublesome, tedious and costly. Protected innovation rights means’ programming must be demonstrated to be interesting, which isn't generally conceivable toward the beginning of an undertaking where such reasoning may not happen. For as the task starts, from the second the primary code is composed and a thought publicized, there is the peril of burglary. For the open who need to utilize the product, ther e are issues not of their creation in all the property rights, for example, genuine time delays in getting something modern and valuable for them. Licensed innovation Rights (IPR) have just been in presence since 1967, and programming has just been perceived as requiring security since the late 1970’s, before that it was not viewed as significant and was typically provided by the organization who assembled the equipment as a total substance. When it was understood that product could be a different item with its own fairly estimated worth, and afterward it began to get imperative to ensure it. Later the sort of thing that could be secured was contended over by programming organizations hazy with regards to what was in the regular area and what was totally theirs. A couple of years back there was a huge contention between Apple PCs and Microsoft over the utilization of the Trash Can in their particular working frameworks. Apple asserting their entitlement to it as their creation and Microsoft saying it was something in the open space, required by any working framework. The contention went

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's normal for your in-class notes to get somewhat disarranged in a course that covers as much material as AP Biology. In case you're feeling the loss of a few segments of notes or in the event that you simply need to see a more clear blueprint of how the course is organized, this article will be useful. I've ordered all the data you have to know for the AP Biology test as connections to online notes and portrayals of labs. I'll additionally catch up with certain tips on utilizing these notes successfully. Step by step instructions to Use These AP Biology Notes The notes in this article can be utilized to read for tests during the time that manage littler segments of the educational plan, or they can be referenced in your reading for the last test of the year. In the two cases, supplement them with data from a course reading and additionally survey book. You should likewise consolidate practice questions, tests, and tests into your concentrating to harden your insight into the material. You can discover these assets in my AP Biology study manage, a survey book, your course book, or the materials gave by your instructor. In-class tests, tests, and labs are likewise helpful investigation helps. Don’t simply read through the notes once and hope to progress admirably! Since AP Biology requires a lot of investigation and basic intuition past remembrance, you have to work on addressing addresses that test abilities past the fundamental information you’ll get from the notes. On the off chance that you’re utilizing these notes to read for a specific part of the AP Biology course, you can locate the fitting theme zone in the rundown beneath. I’ve composed the points as per the four Big Ideas of the course with the goal that you can discover the unit you're searching for all the more without any problem. On the off chance that you’re utilizing these notes to read for the end of the year test, survey your qualities and shortcomings first with the goal that you can organize the correct substance territories. Step through a demonstrative exam to decide how high you’re as of now scoring and which kinds of inquiries give you the most difficulty. You can utilize a test from an audit book, or you can utilize one that you find on the web (simply ensure it's the new form with 69 inquiries on the numerous decision segment!). Print it out and give yourself the fitting measure of time for each area so that you’re not found napping by time requirements on the genuine test. In case you're rehearsing for in-class tests, you ought to likewise practice your unpleasant gaze with the goal that your instructor will be too alarmed to even think about giving you anything short of an A. AP Biology Notes In this segment, I’ll give you connects to certain assets for notes on each part of the AP Biology educational program. Ensure you supplement them with class notes and records of your lab assignments. CourseNotes I discovered probably the most far reaching and exceptional AP Biology notes on CourseNotes. I’ve gave connections to notes on explicit themes to make it simpler for you to target territories that are hard for you. One drawback to these notes is that there’s a huge amount of content and no photos to split it up. In the event that you find that this arrangement doesn’t function admirably for you, consider getting a survey book or counseling one of different assets I’ll list in the following area. Huge Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Incorporates: Characteristic choice Tough Weinberg Biodiversity Vertebrates Spineless creatures Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Protists Growths Plant advancement Creature advancement Huge Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Incorporates: Atomic science Water Carbon/atomic assorted variety of life Macromolecules Homeostasis Photosynthesis Cell breath Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic breath Digestion Cell structure Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell structure Cell layer properties Dynamic vehicle Inactive vehicle Phospholipid bilayer Invulnerable reaction Enormous Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Receive, Transmit and Respond to Information Essential to Life Processes Incorporates: Qualities DNA structure and replication Mendel and the laws of legacy Cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Dangerous cells Cell correspondence Infections Endocrine framework Sensory system Enormous Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Possess Complex Properties Incorporates: How Plants Work Plant Structure Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Nutrition Circulatory framework and respiratory framework Stomach related framework Excretory framework Strong and skeletal frameworks Nature Social Populace Network Such huge numbers of Big Ideas! Other Content Resources There are likewise a couple extra places where you can discover notes on explicit segments of the course. These assets are somewhat obsolete (they're custom fitted to the configuration of either the pre-2012 AP Biology educational plan or more established course readings), yet they despite everything contain data that might be helpful in your examining. This page, for instance, has notes on most subjects shrouded in the present educational program. There are additionally these notes on the seventh release of the Campbell course reading; it’s not the latest rendition of the book, yet it may be useful. The primary distinction between these notes and the notes in the past segment is that they aren't sorted out by Big Idea (the Big Ideas are a development of the new AP Biology educational plan), so it's not as simple to associate terms and ideas to bigger subjects as you survey. Lab Summaries There are thirteen labs remembered for the AP Biology educational plan. Here’s a connect to a page that quickly experiences the entirety of the labs you’ll complete in a standard AP Biology class. Labs are likewise arranged by Large Idea. If you're utilizing these archives to audit your lab assignments, jump to the second area of each PDF (where the page headers become red rather than blue). Labs for Big Idea 1 Fake determination Numerical displaying (Hardy-Weinberg) Contrasting DNA Sequences with Understand Evolutionary Relationships Labs for Big Idea 2 Dispersion and Osmosis Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Labs for Big Idea 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Labs for Big Idea 4 Vitality Dynamics Transpiration Natural product Fly Behavior Chemical Activity Ensure you additionally experience the genuine lab work you did in class. Your own reports and information are the most important assets for evaluating this part of the AP educational plan. Huge Picture Summaries The notes in this segment are valuable for returning to significant themes directly before the test. This parcel covers all the fundamental ideas you'll have to learn for AP Biology. You can likewise investigate this amazingly point by point audit sheet that gives a comparable once-over of the most fundamental pieces of the course. On the off chance that you need more direction in your contemplating, consider purchasing a survey book. Peruse my manual for the best survey books for AP Biology here. AP Biology Studying: Let’s Talk Strategy Before you plunge into the notes, read these tips so you can make the most out of the time you go through getting comfortable with natural realities. Tip #1: Draw Diagrams and Rewrite Definitions There are numerous intricate ideas that you’ll need to comprehend to excel on any appraisal in AP Biology. These can be hard to ace just by understanding notes. I find that drawing out the procedures portrayed in your course reading and notes can be exceptionally useful in overcoming any issues among remembrance and authentic comprehension. In the event that you draw an outline of the various pieces of a phone or the procedure of cell breath, it will sound good to you sensibly and will be simpler to review on the test. On the off chance that this appears to be excessively included, you can have a go at modifying the perplexing clarification in your own words to rearrange it and make it simpler to recollect. Indeed, even only the demonstration of recording it will assist you with recollecting that it better. Tip #2: Remember the Big Ideas Every idea in AP Biology falls under the bigger umbrella of one of the four Big Ideas of the course. Recollect not to dismiss these thoughts when you’re contemplating. As you survey each littler procedure or idea, interface it back to a primary subject. This will push you to contextualize it inside the system of the course all in all and apply your insight sensibly to new situations that might be introduced on the test. In AP Biology (and the subject of Biology all in all), everything is associated. Tip #3: Hit Refresh Recalling something directly after you’ve contemplated it is a certain something, and recollecting that it in the long haul is another. After you overcome a couple of segments of notes, return and do a speedy survey of all the data you’ve learned. I’d additionally suggest doing this after you overcome all the notes that relate to a Big Idea for the course. It will assist you with synthesizing and hold the data so it doesn’t drop out of your mind when you move onto the following point (which can occur in AP Biology on the grounds that there are such a significant number of subtleties to recall!). Tip #4: Study the Method, Not Just the Information It’s simple to become involved with going over the tiny subtleties of each theme in AP Biology, however you ought to dedicate probably a portion of your chance to checking on labs and general test standards. This incorporates ideas like needy and free factors, control gatherings, and unit changes. You’ll see many inquiries on the AP test (and no doubt on your in-class tests consistently) that manage trial situations. It's significantly less unpleasant to respond to these sorts of inquiries if youâ�

Influence of Technology in Modern Life: Social Networks

Impact of Technology in Modern Life: Social Networks The openness of the new data innovation has driven that social structures change, and with it the methods of identifying with others. With this procedure of progress has made what is known as virtual networks, Rheingold characterized the virtual networks as a gathering of social totals which emerges from web when a gathering of individuals make open conversations sufficiently long to make systems of individual connections in the internet. (Rheingold, 1993, The Virtual Community,). Therefore people make new interpersonal organizations where they can trade data whenever, anyplace, contingent upon their necessities and wants. Issues, for example, that new data advances can meddle relational connections are progressively addressed by a few investigations that break down the effect positive and negative to the utilization and misuse leads. The point of this exposition is to examine the upsides and downsides of the impacts that are delivering informal communities. The impact of innovation in present day life involves negative and positive angles, Bauman (2010) contends that contemporary men are edgy to relate, anyway they maintain a strategic distance from a changeless relationship, inspired by a paranoid fear of the strains that may suggest, in spite of what which are not capable or ready to suffer, as they would constrain the opportunity they need. The relations are described by the equivocalness and they possess the spotlight of current individual’s fluids, being the need in their life ventures. Computerized correspondence has caused formal changes in informative sorts and materials in relational connections (Laborda Gil, 2005). Relational connections are in consistent change in ordinary individual, and this change have impacted the new innovative applications creating changes in relational correspondence. The way that advanced connections between individuals increments, is making an alternate view of reality, a feeling of instantane ousness of occasions and a speeding up simultaneously. Relational relations is shared association between at least two individuals. It includes social and enthusiastic abilities that advance successful relational abilities, tuning in, compromise and legitimate self-articulation. One of the principal scholars to devote himself to the investigation of relational conduct was Leary (1957), characterizing it as any conduct that is connected open, faithful, moral or emblematically with another genuine or envisioned aggregate human. Today, we will in general respect relational connections and intellectual procedures as cut out of the same cloth, as it starts to give more consideration to the enthusiastic and persuasive perspectives associated with the cooperation, and coordinate the commitments from the field of relational speculations. This is the means by which it prompts the developing comprehension of the psychological procedures that are associated with connections with others. Notwit hstanding, from a basic look Bauman (2010) contends that individuals instead of transmit their experience and desires as far as connections and connections, talk about associations, interfacing and remaining associated. Rather than discussing couples, want to talk about systems. In contrast to relations, family relationship, accomplice or whatever other thought that underlines shared duty; withdrawal organize speaks to a grid that associates and detaches simultaneously. In systems the two exercises are empowered simultaneously, ie associate and separate are similarly authentic races, equivalent status and equivalent significance. The system proposes snapshots of being in contact and other time to sneak around; in the systems administration the associations are built up on request and can be cut as wanted, having the option to be broken down before getting contemptible. The pre virtual connections and genuine connections are supplanted by virtual connections or associations. These la st are effectively to access and yield, are portrayed by being reasonable, sterile, simple to utilize, well disposed for the clients, rather than the overwhelming, dormant, slow and convoluted the trues. The connection between clients of interpersonal organizations goes from vertically to flat, empowering an imaginary equity, wherein any client becomes producer delivering their own substance, and even as a beneficiary transmitter data for Caldevilla Domã ­nguez (2010) these new types of correspondence and association, develop new dangers to protection, if doesn't contrast the general population for every one of the profiles, being one of the detriments of utilizing systems, the character satirizing and independence as conceivable pattern to the real disengagement from friendliness arrange. The nonattendance of direct view of the body and the detachment of the equivalent in the internet establish a cutoff whose intersubjective impacts are dumbfounding, as it is lived as both deformi ty and lack in the relationship, or as probability of taking out a factor of victimization others. The trouble, would lead search strengthening relations to others through different methods with which figures out how to dodge physical nearness or direct presentation in social circumstances and can stay unknown or build up an imaginary, or even character, leave the virtual relationship without negative outcomes straightforwardly recognizable. Imagine minimize changes in human relations that the new virtual culture presents is to preclude the chance from claiming accepting that another period related between online life and people are rising. These relations between the two gatherings requires noteworthy information to perceive and utilize those instruments to approach the other from the spot that slips by your experience. It will be left to the experts answerable for a political race that adds to the development and government assistance of the individuals who request administration. References Bauman, Z. (2003).Liquid love. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Bergo, B. (2006).Emmanuel Levinas. [online] Plato.stanford.edu. Accessible at: http://plato.stanford.edu/passages/levinas/[Accessed 6 Apr. 2015]. Caldevilla Dominguez, D. (2010).Las redes sociales. TipologiãÅ"⠁a, uso y consumo de las redes 2.0 en la sociedad computerized genuine. EspanãÅ"æ'a: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Informacion. Web Archive, (2015).Interpersonal analysis of character; a useful hypothesis and philosophy for character assessment : Leary, Timothy, 1920-1996 : Free Download Streaming : Internet Archive. [online] Available at: https://archive.org/subtleties/interpersonaldia00learrich [Accessed 6 Apr. 2015]. WhatIs.com, (2015).What is virtual network? Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-network [Accessed 6 Apr. 2015]. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-network Bauman, Z. (2010). Love Lã ­quido: acerca de la fragilidad de los vã ­nculos humanos. 1a ed. 13â ª reimp. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Econã ³mica. Laborda Gil, X. (2005). Tecnologã ­as, Redes y Comunicaciã ³n Interpersonal. aã ±o XII nã ºmero II (24)/2011 fundamentos en humanidades 229 Efectos en las formas de la comunicaciã ³n computerized. Anales de documentaciã ³n, Nâ °8, pp. 101-116. Leary, T. (1957). Relational analysis of character: A practical hypothesis and met-hodology for character assessment. New York: Ronald Press. Caldevilla Domã ­nguez, D. (2010). Tipologã ­a, uso y consumo de las redes 2.0 en la sociedad computerized real. Documentaciã ³n de las Ciencias de la Informaciã ³n, vol. 33, pp. 45-68. http://plato.stanford.edu/passages/levinas/ https://archive.org/subtleties/interpersonaldia00learrich Vodafones Entry into Japan: An Analysis Vodafones Entry into Japan: An Analysis Globalization is viewed as an instrument which has encouraged the development of organizations from autonomous market economies to a between dependent and consolidated worldwide economy in this manner lessening exchange hindrances among nations and landmasses. (Slope, 2007). With the decrease of these exchange boundaries numerous organizations have developed from Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) to Multi-National Enterprise (MNE). Through worldwide development and globalization these MNEs are conspicuous around the world. One such association is the Vodafone bunch which is a media communications organization established in the United Kingdom. Vodafone is right now positioned as the eleventh most esteemed brand on the planet and second in Europe. (Vodafone, 2009).According to Anwar (2003) they have accomplished this status by utilizing distinctive market section systems to extend their undertaking by means of acquisitions and joint endeavors with Orange (UK), Air Touch and Verizon ( USA) and Mannesmann (Germany). Despite the fact that Vodafone has been effective in the above recorded nations, its entrance into Japan bombed following a couple of years because of reasons which will be clarified later in this exposition. This is the principle explanation behind the decision of Vodafone as a contextual investigation. This exposition will initially give a layout of Vodafones history and afterward give an audit of hypotheses which impact worldwide extension and internationalization, as they identify with advertise section, business technique and culture. Following this a contextual analysis of Japans portable market and an investigation of Vodafones activities and techniques as they influence its entrance to and exit from the market will be given. At last, proposals dependent on their decision of procedure will be made. Organization Background Vodafone was made in 1991 as an auxiliary of Racal Telecom (RT) which was shaped in 1984. RT was made from a joint endeavor between Racal Strategic Radio Ltd (80% which was an auxiliary of Racal Electronics Plc and champ of one of the initial two cell phone arrange licenses in the UK), Millicom (15%) a US-based Communications Company and the Hambros Technology Trust (5%), a UK-based investment subsidize. The name Vodafone was authored with the initial four letters of its name meaning its administrations (VOice Data Fone). (Vodafone, 2009) Vodafone has become an unmistakable portable administrator on the planet with an enormous nearness in Europe, America, Asia, Middle East an

Migration and Folk Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Relocation and Folk Culture - Essay Example An ecological push factor that establishes motivation to relocate for me would be the making of a dump site in or around my area of habitation. Dump destinations are profoundly poisonous and I would need to migrate to a situation that meets my inclinations. In opposition to relocation push factors are pull factors (Rubenstein 297). Monetarily, a superior activity or pay would comprise a huge purpose behind me to relocate. A social factor in a similar respect would be social decent variety. I might want to move in a socially rich spot where each and every culture is refreshing paying little heed to its starting point. An ecological factor in a similar line would be an opportunity to live in a spot that exceptionally looks to address an Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental change all in all. That is, a spot that would go past all chances to have any kind of effect in tending to atmosphere changes. An individual propensity that I follow that doesn't really establish a mainstream society is dressing in the view that I dress like an American. Dressing isn't really a custom or culture, however it has enveloped my own propensities in pretty much the two angles. The cause of this propensity is America. A custom that I follow is partner the elderly folks individuals with astuteness. Elderly folks individuals may not really be astute, in spite of the fact that I have gotten acclimated with that. Different people group on the planet can be related with this custom in spite of the fact that it isn't prominently polished. I likewise follow the way of life of surging against time. Time is a significant asset particularly in the Western nations, a situation that doesn't sidestep my consideration and practice. Europe and America can be viewed as the root of this surging and time keeping

Art Argumentative Essay Topics

Art Argumentative Essay TopicsThere are many people who submit their art argumentative essay topics and the question on the main art argumentative essay question is always a popular one to ask. The writer's interests are known to be on subject and the requirements for submitting an art argumentative essay topic depends largely on the topic. One of the many art argumentative essay topics that may be submitted is the painting of nature and its beauty.An argumentative essay, either in writing or oral format, would be a fantastic way of making a statement and communicating thoughts to the general public about the subject matter. Art argumentative essay topics are an excellent way of getting noticed and getting a well deserved reputation as an artist. These art argumentative essay topics may include the art of childbirth, the painting of nature, different types of cultural art, the artistic and commercial value of paintings and any other form of art.The essays that focus on subjects like the art of childbirth, nature and art, mural and muralist and the commercial value of paintings are more popular and have more chances of being read by the majority of the people because of the subject matter and the importance they play in the life of a society. It also holds more weight because of the artistic merit of the work and the response that are given to it. Some of the common art argumentative essay topics include the painting of nature, the success of the commercial value of a painting and any other form of art that you might be able to think of.Many people like to write essays to support their points and many different subjects are popular in creating a thesis statement. Whether you are a student, a teacher or a businessman the first question to ask when writing an art argumentative essay is what subject should be covered? The other questions to ask are how to write the essay, how to outline the topic and what topics are preferred in writing and why.Knowing what to writ e about helps a lot because if you are not sure about the subject then you can take the help of people who know the subject and learn from them about what you should write. The next question that you should be asking is how to write a good essay? There are many forms of writing a good essay and knowing the basics will help you write a good essay.Article writing is also a great way to submit your art argumentative essay. The essay is one way to build credibility for yourself. If you are a student or a teacher and have a passion for the art then this would be a good idea to get published. Article writing is a good way to introduce yourself to the world and to get your writing noticed.As mentioned before, art argumentative essay topics may be anything that you feel passionate about and are willing to talk about. For example, if you are a big fan of animals then you can try painting the art of nature and its beauty. A commercial art argumentative essay topic could involve the success of the commercial value of a painting and many other types of art.Writing an art argumentative essay is a good idea and is something that has a lot of benefits. To top it all, it is one way to get your name known to the general public and to have your work reviewed by a lot of people. Therefore, it is a good idea to try your hand at writing an art argumentative essay.

Obama care bill Essay - 275 Words

Obama care bill (Essay Sample) Content: NameName of the professorSubjectDateArthritisThis is a disease of the skeletal system (specifically the bone) characterised by intense inflammation of the joints. The inflammation of the joints lead to an intensely biting pain on the body joints that eventually incapacitates its victim if no remedial activity is pursued. Well, there are several types and forms of this condition attacking several parts of the skeletal structure but the most common type of arthritis is called osteoarthritis (Calin 112). Some of its symptoms include: * Intense pain in the joints of the victim * Inflammation concentrated around the joints of the victim * General body fatigue but most pronounced in the body joints * Muscle aches and intense pain in the muscles followed by inability to walk * Malaise and loss of flexibilityTreatment and medicationOptions of sanatory of the conditions are varied depending on the type of the arthritis witnessed in the victims. The treatments can either be in terms of physical remedy or management of the condition using therapy (Calin311). These treatments include * Involving the affected joint in a physical exercise: Physical exercise offers the most reliable and tangible non drug treatment for this condition. Though occupational therapy falls into the category of non drug remedy, there involves tints of management drugs here and there in the process * Use of painkillers to ease the pains felt in the joints. Specifically, the steroids eases the pains significantlyHerbal treatmentsThe turmeric, or the Curcuma longa, has been found to be very effective in the management and treatment of this condition. The plant is practically ingested through the mouth either directly or ...

Supply chain paradigms in apparel and textile sector - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3927 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Recession was not all bad. It gave people time to think of new ways to improve efficiencies and optimise processes. Earlier there was simply no time to look into some of the processes that happened anyway! Supply Chain Management was one of those things. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Supply chain paradigms in apparel and textile sector" essay for you Create order Of course, there has always been a focus on SCM but recent time saw concentrated efforts towards innovation in this area. 2009 Economic Downturn Its Impact The year 2009 has been a year of re-awakening and the challenges faced in this year have forced fresh thinking in all segments of business, more so in the apparel and textile sectors. The fashion industry which saw unprecedented boom in this decade, also witnessed unprecedented challenges in the year 2009. Almost all brands and all retail formats were on extended sale period in the year 2009 and in the non sale period were offering aggressive promotions and discounts to prop up the consumption. This has led to 2009 becoming perhaps the year of lowest full price sales (in other words highest mark downs). This was also the year when all projections and forecasts went haywire and the hyper activities of previous years caught on, leading to huge inventories across the fashion supply chain and adversely affecting not only the r etailer/brand but also the suppliers, logistic providers, distributors, and the brand owners equally. Though the above gloomy picture was universal, there were some fashion retailers and brands (retailers and brands are taken together as most Indian retailers have their own private brands which constitute a significant chunk) who not only grew in sales but also had much higher full price sales compared to the competitors, and also had their inventories in reasonable control. An in-depth analysis of all such brands clearly attributes this to nothing else but better supply chain initiatives that these brands/retailers had undertaken even before the recession had hit. Some of these supply chain initiatives taken by retail formats/brands are being discussed here to highlight the impact of the competitive edge that a Fashion companys supply chain readiness brings in at all times, especially in times of recession. Apparels and Textiles The Extended Supply Chains View The Apparel an d Textile supply chain in India is not only unique in many aspects, but also by far one of the most complex. The diversity of Indian culture and hence, the fashion tastes and habits of the large demography of India leads to proliferation of local players in the fashion domain and fragmentation of revenues amongst players. Even today, there are very few fashion brands in this country with a turnover in excess of $50mn (INR 250 crore) a revenue sum considered to be very small in the developed world. India is a country that perhaps has the longest Fashion supply chain lead time of close to 400-600 days. The cotton plucked from the cotton plant can take upto as long as two years to reach the hands of the end consumer. While this might seem exaggerated, an in-depth analysis of overall textiles and garment value chain will make it obvious. The number of composite textile mills in India is very limited and textiles, even today is produced in discreet manufacturing processes across vario us stages of spinning, weaving, fabric processing etc., carried out in different locations by different players. This in turn means holding of inventory in each stage (before as well as after each stage- raw material as well as finished goods), and there is also work in progress inventory in each stage. Once the fabric is ready, it is stored as finished goods and sold to distributors and finally to retailers. The inventory level at the distributor and retail stage combined is often in excess of 180 days. In the case of garments, the garment manufacturing stage is an additional stage and hence an additional stage of inventory. The organised retail is acting as a major improvement in the supply chain and is helping reduce one level of inventory (at the distributors end). However, organised retail too has two levels of inventory one at the retail front and other at the retail warehouse. This in some way negates the advantage of disintermediation by retail in terms of supply chain time . Hence, it can be easily seen that while the most efficient fashion supply chains may be able to reach goods from the raw material stage to the consumer in about 250 days, the lesser efficient ones can take around 700 days. It is in this complex environment of Indian supply chain that we need to discuss new paradigms innovations, infrastructure, technology and a holistic end-to-end (raw material to consumer strategy) paradigms which will be the main differentiator between Fashion Leaders and the Fashion Laggards. In the field of apparels, a large number of case studies worldwide on fashion supply chain (like the case study of Zara, HM, Li and Fung) have been written. However, the economic downturn in 2009 has led to challenges faced by even the companies that were studied. Through a shorter lead time at higher cost, Zara was a great example of a responsive supply chain. In a recessionary environment, in a complex country like India, this approach can be challenged. India need s its own responsive Fashion Supply Chain, yet needs to do away with the higher cost manufacturing as incurred by Zara. This is where a number of retail chains and fashion brands have innovated and have been successful in India. Despite extended mark downs and seasonal sales, some fashion brands and retailers have come out winners not by chance but because of holistic supply chain redesign as well as implementation in the recent past. The fashion supply chain is not a one-dimensional supply chain,  but is quite varied and has several variations as shown in the chart below. Considering the diverse needs of the fashion sector, the three important concepts which need to be focussed on by any player are Mind to Market (MTM), Time to Market (TTM) and Cost to Market (CTM). Mind to market -  Mind to market is the time taken from the moment of design initiation to the time when the product reaches the consumer. This time in western nations used to be as high as 18 month s. However, it is the endeavour of every fashion retailer / brand to continuously strive to lower the same. Zara is a case study of the same (in best cases 21 days). In India, leading retailers such as Pantaloons have successfully reduced this dramatically over the last few years and achieved growth in both sales and margins despite having tighter control on inventories. Achievement of a lower TTM needless to say entails end-to-end collaborative approach between the buyers, merchandisers, planners, garment manufacturers, fabric providers, logistic providers and the retail stores. Time to market -  This is the lead time from the moment an order is released to the garment manufacturers to the time the product reaches the consumer. In other words, TTM = MTM design and planning time. Reduction in MTM and CTM plays a great role in reducing the uncertainties of the Fashion Supply Chain and finally results in better inventory management, lower obsolescence, lower mark downs and hence higher profits for the fashion retailer/brands. Cost to market -  The cost to market is the total supply chain cost including factory gate logistics (vendor to brand/retailer), the primary and secondary warehousing and distribution system, the replenishment system, and the secondary transportation. The reduction in cost to market can be significant for a brand/retailer. An an exercise last year, the supply chain cost for Big Bazaar Fashion was reduced by 1.5% which is more than half the total bottom line percentage for most retailers. This was achieved by redesigning the supply shain network and reducing the storage locations from 16 and consolidating them into just five big regional distribution centres with state-of-the-art infrastructure and technology applications. The Fashion Supply Chain Model Factors influencing the Indain fashion supply chain The fashion domain along with its opportunities, also posesses various challenges for the logistics industry: India is a multicultural heterogeneous country with the consumer tastes changing every few kilometers. This results in the retailers/brands offering becoming region specific,leading to multiplicity of Stock Keeping Units (SKUs). Some large retailers have more than 100,000 SKUs in fashion.  · The high real estate rentals for retail leave no scope for the retail stores to have any back-end store stocking of inventory. Hence, replenishment systems and their accuracy becomes critical.  · Lifestyle retail needs fast and quick-response supply chain deliverables, whereas, value retail requires cost-efficient supply chain.  · The logistics infrastructure of this country is in its early stages of evolution. The combination of these factors leads to a uniquely Indian consumption supply chain one that includes handling very large number of SKUs in pieces (eaches) as opposed to fewer SKUs handled in the form of pallets by most of the large retailers in the world. Hence, there is a growing need to learn the art of managing these complexities and design and execute supply chain solutions that are uniquely Indian. In addition to the above factors, there are multiple other factors that have an impact on a products supply chain and need to be carefully evaluated and factored in while designing the supply chain solution. The major amongst them being: Sourcing Supply chain requirement responsiveness v/s efficiency Supply chain design Retail market (geographic) strategy for the respective format Retail formats positioning strategy and its relation to the supply chain External factors the contemporary logistics landscape affecting supply chain in organised retail Sourcing India being a dominant global player in textiles, the sourcing for fashion is largely domestic. The manufacturing of garments is clustered around a few major centers woven garments around Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi, woolens and knits in Ludhiana, knitwear and hosiery around Tirupur etc. The supply chain network design has to factor in these manufacturing bases depending upon the product mix of the brand/retailer to optimise the inbound logistics cost. A few international fashion brands also import their merchandise from the global manufacturing bases or route it from their international distribution network. Supply Chain Requirement Responsiveness v/s Efficiency Different product categories and retail formats have different requirements from their supply chains. For fashion chains like Pantaloons, Shopper Stop, and Westside, the Time to Market is the most important parameter. For hypermarkets like Big Bazaar, Spencers, and Star Bazaar. businesses that target the cost conscious, Cost to Market is also an extremely important parameter. All these factors influence the supply chain design and determine how the associated solutions will evolve to deliver the specific and exacting requirements from the supply chain. Supply Chain Design The Supply chain design revolves around a plethora of activities like designing the network and the associated decisions centralised or decentralised, based on sourcing or based on consumption or a combination thereof. The right solutions also need to be selected in the areas of Technology, Automation and Mechanical. Decision needs to be taken on whether to own or outsource be it manpower or vehicles. Syst ems and processes to be implemented need to be evaluated and implemented. It is also important to have a culture of Learning and Knowledge Management to share and train across locations. Retail Market (Geographic) Strategy The major Indian retail markets are concentrated around the urban centers, the biggest of them being Mumbai, Delhi NCR, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad and Pune. The service levels to these cities are of utmost importance to any consumption supply chain. The distribution strategy is heavily influenced by the size of the product markets in these urban centers. The regional preferences have a major influence in deciding the supply chain strategy for specific products and categories. Further, in future, some more cities are likely to become important for organised retail. The supply chains will have to factor in the same. Retail Format (Positioning) Strategy The positioning of the brands and their value proposition determines the produc t mix and its pricing. This in turn influences its deliverables from the Supply Chain. Even for the same product category, the priorities change depending upon the target customer segment for the product. For example, apparels can be high fashion lifestyle or they can be targeted towards the masses with low prices. Though the product in both the cases is apparels, the delivery strategy determines what is a priority time to market or cost. External Factors Government is in the process of scraping the CST and introducing the VAT thereby opening up prospects of the retail boom. Also, the emergence of GST is projected to make positive impact. Evolution of seaways, inland river ways and railways has enabled these to be considered as viable options. Infrastructure developments in the form of Golden quadrangle and Cross corridors have improved connectivity and reduced transit time. More FDI in retail sector will increase the competition and there will be a greater focus on optimisin g the supply chain to maximise the profits. Consolidation activities like mergers and acquisitions will also have a great impact on the design of the supply chain network as the companies would try to exploit the economies of scale to their advantage.  Ãƒâ€š Sourcing Integrating The Supply Side In order to respond to market and consumers demands quickly, getting suppliers involved in the supply chain process is now becoming an important business practice often resulting in the formation of collaborative partnerships. To offer target customers new styles and fashionable merchandise in a timely manner, buyers must collaborate with suppliers in streamlining supply chain processes right from product design and development, technical specification development for packing, labeling and packaging, development of quality standards and manuals and rating systems containing parameters and checklists for meeting supply chain needs. Competitive advantage comes from not just sha ring information with suppliers, but also from HOW you share the data. Information is only important if it can be acted upon. Leading buyers are allowing vendors secure, online access to reports, raw data, forecasts, sales and inventory and even to the replenishment system in some instances, using web-based portals and dedicated servers. Supplies are managed online with suppliers adopting latest techniques such as Advance Shipment Notices for notification of inbound cartons and their contents to the buyers, thus enabling pre-allocation of merchandise for retail even before the goods have come in. Pre packs, Inner Packs with bar codes and other such improvements are being used to further reduce the TTM. The information about the contents of each carton is recorded when it is packed by the supplier and a unique identity is created to link the bar code label on the carton with the ASN. The ASN is transmitted to the retailer, usually via EDI, so the retailer knows: What is coming, ho w it will arrive and the number of cartons in the shipment. In conclusion, training and development of suppliers, building supplier matrices, and developing collaborative efforts were steps that the buyer had taken to establish a virtual vertical company. The Logistics Piece of Fashion Supply Chain Warehousing Warehousing is the most complicated and under-invested yet most critical logistics activity in the entire supply chain. The Fashion business requires the expertise in managing eaches at every level of activity from inwarding, putaway, picking, sorting, to store delivery. There is an increasing need to increase efficiencies, maximising inventory turns and services to the stores and customers. There is a growing need for Big Box warehousing solutions for fashion as the volumes and complexities go up in this fast growing market. Having bigger warehouses will facilitate economies of scale as the warehouse set-up costs and overheads are distributed over larger throughput. Consolidation of merchandise in fewer locations will also result in higher product availability for order fulfillment and store replenishment and therefore wider choice to the customers and higher sales. Further, these larger mechanised warehouses can be equipped with Mechanisation such as Racking, Shelving, wi-fi infr a, RF guns, conveyor system, automatic weigh-check with print and apply, and sorter systems like put-to-light (PTL), bomb-bay, ring sorter etc., to automate the merchandise sortation process and make it fast and accurate at the same time. Transportation For garment transportation, specially designed transportation network is required connecting all major consumption centers bringing in an innovation in the form of new system of volumetric goods transportation in double deck containerised vehicles and last mile deliveries from DC to Stores through tail lift fitted vehicles and Roll cages/Dolly /Nest able crates for consignment delivery directly on store floor. This has led to reduction in transit times hence lowering Time to market (TTM), lower in-transit inventories and also lower freight costs. Vehicle fitted with vehicle tracking system (VTS) monitored through a TMS (Transportation Management System) ensures visibility of all consignments on a real time basis ensuring reliable and timely movement of consignments at lower cost. Technology In recent years, fashion attributes have infused nearly all garment types: product life cycles are shortening and product proliferation is accelerating even in the most basic garments. These trends have created increasing demand uncertainty that has changed radically the basis of competition in the textile- apparel-retail channel. Increasing demand uncertainty has led to the advent of lean retailing. Retailers who once purchased large quantities of each item, far in advance of the selling season now avoid the risk of carrying inventory of increasingly unpredictable items by ordering smaller quantities of each product in advance and ordering, on a weekly basis, replenishment quantities of those products that have sold in the previous week. Lean retailing has driven changes in both information and product flow, resulting in the changes in manufacturing and supply chain practice; this has been facilitated greatly by the introduction and maturation of several key technologies: Wire less infrastructure and hand-held devices for product identification, used to provide real- time, accurate information about which products are selling at the pointof-sale; Electronic data interchange (EDI), used by the retailer to place quick, accurate replenishment orders; and More sophisticated, Warehouse Management System (WMS), which allows manufacturers to pick and pack small replenishment quantities based orders. Automated Replenishment System (ARS) works on actual pull based demand.  Automatic Replenishment System (ARS) ARS is a pull-based system instead of the traditional push based system and ensures generation and availability of correct assortment with correct quantity of all major fast moving items on store shelves most of the time. ARS works on actual demand considering shelf stock, base stock level and past sales trend and instead of manual order generation, ARS triggers an auto-replenishment order from nearest DC to stores. This pull-based system helps in lower obsolescence and lower markdown for the fashion retail business thereby directly impacting the bottomline and topline. The replenishment requirement in ARS can be in single pieces also and here WMS plays a very important role in ensuring the order fulfillment. Warehouse Management System (WMS) A good WMS enables a complete visibility of inventory in the warehouse and contributes in the warehouse operations by substantially improving the productivity, order fulfillment and accuracy. WMS enables cross docking facility to bypass traditional receiving, put away, replenishment and pick cycles by moving received goods directly from the inbound dock to fulfill outstanding demand, all while reducing staffing, equipment needs, space requirements, and inventory carrying costs. Wave planning is performed to Group of orders into waves of one or more orders that are planned and released together to pick more efficiently and meet stores requirement. WMS is also helping in slotting to maximise productivity and minimise travel time from location to location by determining the most advantageous arrangement of SKUs within a range of pick faces or slots. It minimises disruptions that result from demand variability by enabling adjustment of product placement according to seasonality, specia l promotions, and changes in customer order patterns. This results in complete visibility of inventory and the warehouse processing in system, and leads to improved order fulfillment and accuracy especially the order line fill rate at SKU level a parameter very crucial in fashion retail success -ensuring prompt replenishment of every single item in stores. Reverse Logistics Reverse flow of merchandise is an integral part of any retail business and its efficient management can augment the bottomline considerably. The reverse logistics services are required to manage the reverse flow of merchandise from the stores and refurbish, repair, refinish and re-sell these products through the factory outlets or other liquidation channels. Importance of an E2E Holistic Approach One of the most important considerations for the success of supply chain strategy is that any supply chain is only as strong as its weakest link. Hence, unless all parts of the extended supply chains extending from the raw material suppliers to the consumers work equally well and in synchronisation and harmony, the end result would be sub optimal. Some of the critical factors for the success of the chain are : Holistic approach Holistic extended supply chain approach Selection of the right supply chain solution provider  · Use of the right technologies  · Creation of the right infrastructure, specially the warehouse  · Measurement systems and the continual improvement of MTM, TTM and CTM  Execution The Final Frontier Strategy alone cant delivery the result, execution is equally critical and can be managed by own or through third party logistics (3PL) company. One of the options for fashion/retail brands is to create all the above parameters on its own. The other option is to outsource it to a third party supply chain solution provider who has the requisite competencies. Unfortunately, the supply chain solutions providers in India are very few and most of the logistic providers in India are mainly transporters and do lack most of the above critical success factors. However, with the growth of organised retail in the country, the organised logistic segment is also poised to grow. With the advent of GST (most likely in a few months) brands can further rationalise their network and by reducing stocking points, reduce the inventory as well as reduce the total cost of distribution. Reduction in stocking points also enables implementation of pull base system such as Automated Replenishment System ( ARS) thus leading to much higher fill rate and hence higher sales. However, supply chain network modeling and design is a science which requires not only modeling software application but also an in-depth knowledge of the business. Some of the supply chain companies also possess network modeling design capabilities and can add tremendous value, both in terms of higher top line as well as healthier bottom line because of their expertise in providing innovative solutions which include supply chain network modeling, state-ofthe-art technology, skilled and trained manpower, investment in the state-ofthe-art infrastructure and innovative transportation. Further, investment in infrastructure by the supply chain service providers will also help keep the balance sheet of the fashion players lighter, leading to higher returns on capital. Certain supply chain solutions companies have built core competency in the fashion domain for several years and have developed knowledge and infrastructu re and possess all the above critical factors. Such companies can be used by the fashion retailer/brands and the supply chain network design as well as execution infrastructure, warehousing, replenishment and movement activities and also reverse logistics can be completely outsourced to such companies. Anshuman Singh is the Managing Director CEO of Future Supply Chain Solutions Limited Indias largest Consumer Supply Chain Company. In a career spanning over seventeen years, he has successfully created and led organizations in the field of Retail as well as Supply Chain and Logistics.